Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology

This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental physical principles that make it possible to produce images of human tissue using sound. The physical laws are explained without the use of complicated formulas. Sound is a mechanical vibration in a medium such as air or human tissue. The upper frequency limit for sound to be heard by humans is 20 kHz. Frequencies above 20 kHz are called ultrasound. Medical images are made with a frequency above 3 MHz. The basic principle for making images of human tissue is to send a pulse into the tissue with a transducer and detect the echoes emerging from structures in the tissue. Imaging may be done in real time by electronic scanning. A variety of sizes and shapes of transducers have been produced for the various applications of ultrasound in medical diagnosis. A proper transducer must be used for a specific task. The ultrasound beam is the essential tool to make images. It must be focused by the user and the image must be properly adjusted with respect to the gain. Measurements can be made and a basic understanding of the resolution in the three planes is necessary for measurements and interpretation of the images. The main artifacts such as edge shadows, attenuation shadows, enhancements and reverberation must be understood. Basic principles of ultrasound scanning must be followed to extract the maximum information from the scan.

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